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Bees and wasps
- 1. WELCOME…
- 2. TAXONOMY AND BIODIVERSITY OF BEES & WASPS Presented by: Ch. Naga Satyasri BAM-14-28
- 3. IMPORTANT POINTS • 3rd or 4th most species-rich order. • “Membrane-wing”; well developed ovipositor; most live in constructed “nests”. • Includes: sawflies, parasitoids, “wasps”, ants, & bees. • “Wasp” = general, paraphyletic term; may describe almost any hymenopteran. • Many “beneficial” species but also many pests. • Bees are the primary pollinators of zoophilous vascular plants; they are linked to survival of the earth’s modern vegetation. HYMENOPTERA
- 4. Taxonomy & Diversity Suborder SYMPHYTA sawflies <10% of species Suborder APOCRITA Division Parasitica, parasitoids, >70% of species Division Aculeata, stinging wasps, ants, & bees ~20% spp.
- 7. BEES Classification: Kingdom- Animalia Phylum - Arthropoda Class - Insecta Order - Hymenoptera
- 8. Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants and are known for their role in pollination and for producing honey and beeswax. Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea presently considered as a Anthophila. There are nearly 20,000 known species of bees in seven to nine recognized families. Bees have a long proboscis that enables them to obtain the nectar from flowers. They have antennae almost universally made up of 13 segments in males and 12 in females.
- 9. Bees all have two pairs of wings the hind pair being the smaller of the two, in a very few species, one sex or caste has relatively short wings that make flight difficult or impossible, but none are wingless. Tiny stingless bee species as workers are less than 2 mm (0.079 in) long. The largest bee in the world is Megachile pluto , a leafcutter bee whose females can attain a length of 39 mm (1.5").
- 10. Differences between Bees and Wasps Characteristics Bees Wasps Morphology Long and fat, two pairs of wings, often brightly colored. Narrow junction between thorax and abdomen. Long and thin, two pairs of wings, often brightly colored. Narrow junction between thorax and abdomen. Stinger Backward-pointed barbs on stinger to penetrate victim Backward-pointed barbs on stinger to penetrate victim
- 11. Characteristics Bees Wasps Body Hairy body Smooth body Legs Flat and wide Round and waxy Abdomen & thorax Round Cylindrical Hives Geometric wax hives Papery nests Colonial or Solitary Colonial Colonial or solitary, depending on the species Food Pollen and nectar Predators or parasites of other insects, or scavengers
- 12. Diversity of Bees The diversity of bees accounts for 633 species grouped under 60 genera in our country. Michener (2000) apprehended 16,325 species of bees, grouped under 425 genera. The taxa found in whole of the world were recognized under 7 families. Around 92% of known species were recorded from northern (J&K, Punjab, Uttaranchal, U.P, Himachal pradesh, Haryana) or Western part (Rajasthan, except extreme north or eastern green parts and Gujarat) and remaining 8% from rest of the Indian regions.
- 13. Diversity of bees in India Families: Colletidae Andrenidae Halictidae Melittidae Megachilidae Apidae
- 14. Colletidae These are often referred to collectively as polyester bees, due to the method of smoothing the walls of their nest cells with secretions applied with their mouthparts. There are five subfamilies, 54 genera, and over 2000 species, all of them evidently solitary, though many nest in aggregations. They can be found all over the world, but the most species live in South America and Australia. Over 50% of all bee species living in Australia belong to this family.
- 15. S.No Family Subfamily Genus No. of species Distribution 1 Colletidae Colletinae Hylaeinae Colletes Hylaeus 05 14 Northern region 13 in Northern region and 2 in Southern region
- 16. Medium size family. Majority of Colletes species are distributed in intermediate area namely union territory of Delhi, Northern U.P. as well as green northern Rajasthan. Grewal, et al (1970) described the life history of C. nursei from punjab.
- 17. Hylaeus species known from our country were collected from southern extremities probably reaching upto Srilanka (Wijesekara, 2001). Species of this genus are known to visit some cultivated crops in Punjab (Batra, 1968).
- 19. S.No Family Subfamily Genus No. of species Distributio n 2 Andrenidae Andrenina e Andrena 034 Widely distributed in northern region It is a large family of bees subdivided into following subfamilies. 1.Alocandreninae 2. Andreninae 3. Panurginae 4.Oxaeinae
- 20. Andrenidae Commonly known as mining bees. These are ground- nesting bees. Most of the family's diversity is located in temperate or arid areas (warm temperate regions). It includes some enormous genera (e.g., Andrena with over 1300 species, and Perdita with nearly 800). They can be separated from other bee families by the presence of two sub antennal sutures on the face, a primitive trait shared with the sphecoid wasps.
- 21. Species of Andrena marked all over northern india, more particularly plains of punjab, Haryana, Himachala Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal, U.P, Bihar and West bengal.
- 23. Halictidae The Halictidae are small (> 4 mm) to midsize (> 8 mm) bees which are usually dark-colored and often metallic in appearance. Large family having many semisocial bee species, commonly known as sweat bees. Most of the halictids nest gregariously in the moist subterranean soil ( resembling Colletes). However, their burrows were comparatively shallower. A nest is a cooperative effort of as many as 20-25 females, suggesting their gregarious or semisocial behaviour.
- 24. S.No Family Subfamily Genus No. of species Distribution 3. Halictidae Rophitinae Systropha 02 Punjab & northern Rajasthan Nomiinae Nomia 67 Widely distributed Pseudapis 02 Northern region Nomioidinae Ceylalictus 03 Northern and Western Ghat regions Halictinae Halictini 55 47 in hilly region of north east and 8 in west, central and western ghats
- 26. Melittidae The Melittidae are a small bee family, with some 60 species in four genera, restricted to Africa and the northern temperate zone. They are typically small to moderate-sized bees, which often have shaggy shape.
- 27. These bees are rear occurrence in India. This family has numerous representatives in Africa and countries in the middle east. S.No Family Subfamily Genus No. of species Distribution 4 Melittidae Melittinae Melitta 01 North and north eastern region
- 29. Megachilidae Largest family of bees with regard to number of taxa known from India. As a whole, 24 genera with 229 species are included in this family. Species like Lithurgus atratus and L. dentipes have been great concern with regard to their pollination of cotton and their nests build in hollow sticks. Interesting act of cutting leaf pieces with its mandibles, followed by their transportation to the nesting site by a female megachiline bee.
- 30. Megachilid genera are most commonly known as mason bees and leafcutter bees, reflecting the materials from which they build their nest cells. Megachilid bees are among the world's most efficient pollinators because of their energetic swimming- like motion. Megachilids require on average nearly 10 times as many trips to flowers to gather sufficient resources to provision a single brood cell.
- 31. S.No Family Subfamily Tribe Genus No. of species Distribution 5 Megachilidae Fideliinae Pararhophitini Pararhophites 02 Northwestern and Gujarath Megachilina e Lithurgus Lithurgus 14 Northern,western caostal Osmiini Chelostoma 01 Sikkim and hilly territories of north east & Mayanmar Heriades 22 H.P,Uttaranchal & north eastern hills Anthidiini Anthidiellum 01 Northeastern region Indanthidium 01 Pune Dioxyini Aglaoapis 01 Bombay Megachilini Coelioxys 32 All over country Megachile 105 All over the country
- 33. S.No Family Subfamily Tribe Genus No. of species Distribution 6 Apidae Xylocopinae Xylocopini xylocopa 36 All over country Allodpini Braunsapis 06 Northern parts, extreme southern parts Nomadinae Nomadini Nomada 13 Northern region Apinae Ancylini Tarsalia 01 Western ghats Eucerini Tetralonia 15 Northern and central region Anthophorini Amegilla 21 All over country Anthophora 10 All over country Melectini Melecta 02 Extreme northern region Bombini Bombus 26 Mountains in Himalaya Meliponini Lisotrigona 01 Central region Apini Apis 05 Widely distributed
- 34. Apidae So far 192 species have been grouped under different categories. The social stingless bees belonging to genus Trigona. Genus Apis, the honeybee, has five species in our country. Apis mellifera the Italian honey bee was introduced in India during sixties in previous century. It ultimately merged with Apis indica and now becomes a cosmopolitan species by virtue of its adoptation. Batra (1996) decribed the biology of Apis Dorsata laboriosa and declared it as a good pollinator of apple at high altitudes in Garhwal.
- 35. Carpenter bees belongs to Xylocopa. Iwata (1964) refereed the egg of Xylocopa as the largest among all insects. Sharma and Gupta (1993) concluded a total of 119 species of flowering plants in Solan (H.P) among them 72 were visited regularly.
- 36. Three members of the colony Worker Queen Drone
- 37. The Worker Bee Sterile females. Normally does not lay eggs About 20,000 to 60,000 in a colony Has several functions throughout her life Lives about 4 – 6 weeks in the summer Lives about 4 – 5 months in the winter
- 38. The Queen One queen (normally) Function: laying eggs Can live 2 – 5 years Can lay 1500 eggs a day at height of season Produces air-borne pheromones (“queen substance”) that keep the colony functioning orderly, loyal and protective to that queen Stinger does not have barbs – only uses it to kill rival queens
- 39. The Drone Developed from unfertilized egg Larger than workers Big eyes Sexually mature at 2 weeks One function in life – mate with virgin queens No stinger (remember, he only has one function)
- 40. In North America 3500 species of wild-solitary bees have been recorded, commonly referred as pollen bees. Alfalfa leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata) blue orchard bee (Osmia lignaria propinqua), fuzzy foot bees (Anthophora pilipes) and mustard bees (Anthophora abrupta) are some of the wild-bee cross pollinators which are successfully used in artificial domestication and management of wild bees for crop pollination (ADMP).
- 41. WASPS
- 42. Taxonomy The majority of wasp species (well over 100,000 species) are "parasitic" (technically known as parasitoids), and the ovipositor is used simply to lay eggs, often directly into the body of the host. The most familiar wasps belong to Aculeata, a "division" of Apocrita, whose ovipositors are adapted into a venomous sting, though many aculeate species do not sting.
- 43. Sting • Modified abdominal tergites/sternites • Double stylet with levering valves at base • Venom glands in some spp. • Evolution: Ovipositor Host-paralysing Defensive Sting parasitoid, egg-laying aculeate bee or wasp, offensive, defensive specialized, barbed honey bee sting
- 44. Wasp stinger, with droplet of venom
- 45. Families Agaonidae – fig wasps Chalcididae Chrysididae – cuckoo wasps Crabronidae – sand wasps Cynipidae – gall wasps Encyrtidae Eulophidae Eupelmidae Ichneumonidae, and Braconidae Mutillidae – velvet ants Mymaridae – fairyflies Pompilidae – spider wasps Pteromalidae Scelionidae Scoliidae – scoliid wasps Sphecidae – digger wasps Tiphiidae – flower wasps Torymidae Trichogrammatidae Vespidae – common wasp, yellow jacket s, hornets, paper wasps , potter wasps, pollen wasps
- 46. Agaonidae The family Agaonidae is a group of pollinating and non pollinating fig wasps. They spend their larval stage inside the fruits of figs. The non pollinating fig wasps are parasitic. subfamilies Epichrysomallinae, Otitesellinae, Sycoecinae, Sycoryctinae, Sycophaginae, and Agaoninae were the subdivisions of the family.
- 47. Agonid wasp
- 48. Chalcididae Subfamilies Chalcidinae Dirhininae Epitraninae Haltichellinae Smicromorphinae Diversity 5 subfamilies 85 genera 1455 species
- 49. Chalcids are tiny, dark-coloured wasps, often metallic blue or green with complex sculpturing on the body. Enlarged femur is the characteristic feature. They are also recognized by the characteristic reduced wing venation, similar to that seen in other superfamilies of parasitic wasps. Most of the species are parasitoids of other insects, attacking the egg or larval stage of their host. These hosts including Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Diptera (true flies), Coleoptera (beetles), Hemiptera (true bugs), and other Hymenoptera, as well as two orders of Arachnida, and even one family of nematodes.
- 50. Chalcid
- 51. Chrysididae Subfamilies Amiseginae Chrysidinae Cleptinae Loboscelidiinae Commonly known as cuckoo wasps. The hymenopteran family Chrysididae is a very large cosmopolita group (over 3000 described species) of parasitoid wasps They are most diverse in desert regions of the world.
- 52. cuckoo wasp
- 53. Crabronidae Subfamilies Astatinae Bembicinae Crabroninae Mellininae Pemphredoninae Philanthinae It collectively includes well over 200 genera, containing well over 9000 species.
- 54. The Crabronidae are a large family of wasps, including nearly all of the species formerly comprising the now- defunct superfamily Sphecoidea.
- 55. Crabonidae wasp
- 56. Cynipidae Gall wasps, also called gallflies. Their common name comes from the galls they induce on plants for larval development. About 1300 species of this generally very small creature (1- 8 mm) are known worldwide, with about 360 species of 36 different genera in Europe and some 800 species in North America.
- 57. Gall flies
- 58. Encyrtidae Subfamilies: Encyrtinae Tetracneminae Diversity: Two subfamilies of around 3710 species in 455 genera. The Encyrtidae are a large family of parasitic wasps, with some 3710 described species in about 455 genera. The larvae of the majority are primary parasitoids on Hemiptera, though other hosts are attacked, and details of the life history can be variable.
- 59. Encyrtid wasp
- 60. Eulophidae Subfamilies Elasminae Entedoninae Euderinae Eulophinae Tetrastichinae Diversity about 300 genera about 4300 species
- 61. The larvae of a very few species feed on plants, but the majority are primary parasitoids on a huge range of arthropods at all stages of development. They are exceptional in that they are one of two hymenopteran families with some species that are known to parasitize Thysanoptera. Eulophids are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats (one is even aquatic, parasitising psephenid beetles).
- 62. Eulophidae wasp
- 63. Eupelmidae Subfamilies: Calosotinae Eupelminae Neanastatinae The Eupelmidae are a family of parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. As presently defined, there are over 905 described species in 45 genera. The larvae of the majority are primary parasitoids, commonly on beetle larvae, though many other hosts are attacked, including spiders, and details of the life history can be variable). They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats.
- 64. Eupelamidae wasp
- 65. Ichneumonidae Over 60,000 species occur worldwide, with about 3,000 in North America. The family is thought to be at its most species rich in high latitudes. Ichneumon wasps differ from typical, aculeate wasps, which sting in defence and do not pass their eggs along the stinger. Antennae have more segments; typically 16 or more, whereas the others have 13 or fewer.
- 66. Female ichneumon wasps sometimes have an ovipositor longer than their body. Ichneumons generally inject venom along with the egg, but only larger species, with relatively shorter ovipositors, use the ovipositor as a stinger in defence.
- 68. Braconidae The Braconidae is a large family of parasitoid wasps. There are approximately 17,000 recognized species. One analysis estimated a total between about 30,000 and 50,000, and another provided a narrower estimate between 42,000 and 43,000 species. As of 2013, the species are grouped into 47 subfamilies and over 1,000 genera.
- 69. Braconidae wasp
- 70. A new phytophagous Bracon Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) associated with Protium ovatum Engl. (Burseraceae) fruits from Brazilian savannah.
- 71. Braconid wasp ovipositing into lepidopterous pupae. Pupae of a parasitoid formed on host’s exterior as larvae exit.
- 72. Mymaridae Diversity: 0–2 subfamilies 100 genera 1,400 species The Mymaridae, commonly known as fairyflies or fairy wasps, found in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world.
- 73. Fairyfly
- 74. Pompilidae Numbers 300 spp. 40 genera in our country. 5,000 worldwide. Size 5-40 mm Typically 15-25 mm Also known as Spider wasp. Typically dark colored with smoky or yellowish wings; a few are brightly colored.
- 75. Slender with long and spiny legs, hind femora typically extending beyond tip of abdomen. Tibiae of rear legs have two prominent spines at apex (distal end, next to tarsi) Wings not folded flat on top of abdomen. Like the Vespidae, the Pompilidae have the pronotum extending back to the tegulae, the pronotum thus appearing triangular when viewed from the side and horseshoe-shaped when viewed from above.
- 76. Spider wasp
- 77. Pteromalidae Diversity: 15–28 subfamilies 640 genera 3450 species Accordingly, details of their life histories range over nearly the entire range possible within the Chalcidoidea, though the majority are (as with most chalcidoids) parasitoids of other insects. They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats, and many are important as biological control agents.
- 79. Scelionidae The hymenopteran family Scelionidae is a very large cosmopolitan group (over 3000 described species in some 160 genera) of exclusively parasitoid wasps, mostly small (0.5–10 mm), often black, often highly sculptured, with (typically) elbowed antennae that have a 9- or 10-segmented flagellum. Nowadays, it is considered to be a subfamily of Platygastridae.
- 80. Scelionid wasp
- 81. Scoliidae Subfamilies: Scoliinae Proscoliinae The Scoliidae, the scoliid wasps, are a family of about 560 wasps found worldwide. They tend to be black, often marked with yellow or orange, and their wing tips are distinctively corrugated. Males are more slender and elongated than females, with significantly longer antennae, but the sexual dimorphism is not as apparent as in the Tiphiidae, a closely related family.
- 82. Scoliid wasp
- 83. Sphecidae The Sphecidae includes digger wasps, mud daubers, and other familiar types that all fall under the category of thread-waisted wasps. The families Heterogynaidae and Ampulicidae are the sister taxa to what are now two families (instead of one), the Sphecidae and Crabronidae.
- 84. Tiphiidae The Tiphiidae (also known as the tiphiid wasps or, rarely, flower wasps) are a family of large solitary wasps whose larvae are almost universally parasitoids of various beetle larvae, especially those in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. Most species are small, but they can be up to 30 mm long. The females of some subfamilies (all Brachycistidinae, Diamminae, Methochinae, and Thynninae) are wingless, and hunt ground-dwelling (fossorial) beetle larvae, or (in one species) mole crickets.
- 85. Flower wasp
- 86. Torymidae Subfamilies: Megastigminae Monodontomerinae Thaumatoryminae Toryminae Diversity: 4 subfamilies 70 genera 960 species
- 87. The Torymidae are a family of wasps that consists of attractive metallic species with enlarged hind legs, and generally with long ovipositors in the females. Many are parasitoids on gall forming insects, and some are phytophagous (plant-eating) species, sometimes usurping the galls formed by other insects.
- 88. Torymidae wasp
- 89. Several species of Megastigmus (Torymidae) are serious pests of Pinaceae as they attack the seeds of plantation species.
- 90. Trichogrammatidae Genera; 80 genera The Trichogrammatidae are a family of tiny wasps that include some of the smallest of all insects, with most species having adults less than 1 mm in length. The over 840 species are in about 80 genera; their distribution is worldwide. Trichogrammatids parasitize the eggs of many different orders of insects. As such, they are among the more important biological control agents known, attacking many pest insects (esp. Lepidoptera).
- 92. Vespidae – common wasp, yellow jacket s, hornets, paper wasps , potter wasps, pollen wasps Subfamilies Eumeninae: potter wasps Euparagiinae Masarinae: pollen wasps Polistinae: paper wasps Stenogastrinae: hover wasps Vespinae; yellowjackets, hornets
- 93. The Vespidae are a large (nearly 5000 species), diverse, , including nearly all the known eusocial wasps (such as Poliste fuscatus, Polistes annularis, and Vespula germanica) and many solitary wasps. Each social wasp colony includes a queen and a number of female workers with varying degrees of sterility relative to the queen.
- 94. Vespa tropica
- 95. Vespa germanica
- 96. Species of Bruchophagus are found in seeds of a number of leguminous crops such as lucerne (Medicago sativa) and species of Systole are fequently pests of seeds of various Apiaceae used as spices such as coriander (Coriandrum sativum).
- 97. Thank You!